India is a developing economy with the world’s fastest growing population and gross domestic product (GDP). As a result, long-term energy consumption projections are uncertain because of the rapid rate of change that is magnified by the size of the economy. This paper explores two aspects of uncertainty about India’s future energy consumption: assumptions about economic composition and industrial sector energy intensity. It then shows that varying these assumptions can significantly increase estimates of future energy consumption. In our International Energy Outlook 2019 (IEO2019) Reference case, by 2050, the U.S. ... (full story)